What is the EU AI Act and which organisations must comply?

The EU AI Act is a risk-based regulation classifying AI systems as unacceptable, high, limited, or minimal risk. Any organisation deploying or importing AI into the EU market - regardless of where the AI is built - must comply, with high-risk obligations live from mid-2026.

What is post-quantum cryptography and why is it urgent for AI data?

Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) uses algorithms resistant to Shor's algorithm on quantum computers. NIST finalised CRYSTALS-Kyber and CRYSTALS-Dilithium as standards in 2024. Organisations must migrate TLS, VPNs, and key storage before fault-tolerant quantum computers arrive around 2030.

How does federated learning protect data privacy in AI training?

Federated learning trains models across distributed devices or organisations without raw data ever leaving its source. Only gradient updates are shared and aggregated, enabling collaborative model improvement under GDPR and India's DPDP Act.

What is zero-trust data architecture in the context of AI systems?

Zero-trust data architecture assumes no implicit trust for any user, model, or pipeline. Every data access request is verified via identity, device posture, and purpose. For AI systems, it means strict access controls on training data lakes and inference endpoints.

What are the key obligations under India's DPDP Act for AI companies?

The Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 requires consent for personal data processing, Data Fiduciary registration for significant processors, breach notification within 72 hours, and cross-border transfer restrictions for Indian user data.

What is an AI audit trail and why is it required under emerging regulations?

An AI audit trail is an immutable log of model inputs, outputs, version IDs, and human override decisions. The EU AI Act mandates audit trails for high-risk AI. They enable post-hoc explainability, bias investigation, and regulatory inspection.

Enterprise Cybersecurity: Zero-Trust, Post-Quantum & AI Threats

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